Soru
a) Social organization b) Social mobility c) Caste social systems (6 marks) (ii) Discuss the relevance of Sociology of Education to teacher education today. (14 marks) 2. a) Distinguish between primary and secondary socialization. (4 marks) b) By use of relevant examples, discuss the influence of primary socialization to primary school pupils in Kenya. (16 marks) 3. During the International Women's Day, the guest speaker made a presentation on gender incqualities in education. As a teacher trainee in attendance: (i) Differentiate between sex roles and gender roles. (4 marks) (ii) Discuss FTVB manifestations of gender inequalities in education. (10 marks) (iii) Propose SIX measures that can be implemented to address gender inequalities in education. (6 marks) 4. a) Using examples, identify pertinent issues affecting the teaching profession in contemporary Kenya. (12 marks) b) As a prospective teacher, suggest skills required for a professional teacher to enhance inclusive learning in the context of Competency Based Curriculum in Kenya. (8 marks) 5. a) Teaching and learning under pandemics exacerbates social inequalities among students in Kenya. Discuss. (10 marks) b) Discuss five positive outcomes in teaching and learning during the Covid -19 pandemic. (10 marks)
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1. **(i) Definitions:** a) **Social Organization:** This refers to the structured arrangement of relationships and roles within a society, which helps maintain order and facilitate cooperation among its members. It includes institutions like family, education, religion, and government. b) **Social Mobility:** This is the movement of individuals or groups within the social hierarchy, which can be upward or downward. It reflects changes in social status due to factors like education, income, or occupation. c) **Caste Social Systems:** These are rigid social stratification systems where individuals' social positions are ascribed at birth and remain fixed throughout their lives. The caste system is most notably associated with India, where it dictates aspects of daily life and social interactions.**(ii) Relevance of Sociology of Education to Teacher Education Today:**Sociology of Education is crucial for teacher education as it provides insights into how societal factors influence educational processes and outcomes. Understanding these dynamics helps teachers address diverse classroom needs, promote equity, and foster an inclusive learning environment. It also equips teachers with skills to understand students' backgrounds, adapt teaching methods, and engage with community issues affecting education.2. **a) Distinction between Primary and Secondary Socialization:** - **Primary Socialization:** This occurs in early childhood within the family, where children learn basic norms, values, language, and behaviors. - **Secondary Socialization:** This happens later in life through institutions like schools, workplaces, and media, where individuals learn specific skills and roles needed for functioning in larger society.**b) Influence of Primary Socialization on Primary School Pupils in Kenya:**Primary socialization significantly impacts pupils by shaping their attitudes, behaviors, and readiness for school. For example, children from supportive families may exhibit confidence and eagerness to learn, while those from challenging environments might face difficulties in adapting to school norms. Cultural practices and languages learned at home also influence how pupils interact with peers and teachers.3. **(i) Differentiation between Sex Roles and Gender Roles:** - **Sex Roles:** These are biological differences between males and females, such as reproductive functions. - **Gender Roles:** These are socially constructed roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with being male or female in a given society.**(ii) Manifestations of Gender Inequalities in Education:**Gender inequalities manifest in various ways, including disparities in enrollment rates, access to resources, representation in STEM fields, and gender-biased curricula. Girls may face barriers like early marriage, while boys might experience pressure to conform to traditional masculine roles.**(iii) Measures to Address Gender Inequalities in Education:**1. Implement gender-sensitive curricula.2. Provide scholarships for girls in STEM fields.3. Train teachers on gender equality.4. Promote female role models in education.5. Ensure safe school environments.6. Engage communities in supporting girls' education.4. **a) Pertinent Issues Affecting the Teaching Profession in Contemporary Kenya:**Issues include inadequate funding, large class sizes, lack of resources, teacher shortages, low salaries, and political interference. Teachers also face challenges related to curriculum changes and integrating technology in classrooms.**b) Skills Required for Professional Teachers in Competency-Based Curriculum:**1. Adaptability to new teaching methods.2. Proficiency in digital tools.3. Strong communication skills.4. Cultural competence.5. Collaborative skills.6. Critical thinking and problem-solving.7. Continuous professional development.8. Ability to assess competencies effectively.5. **a) Teaching and Learning Under Pandemics Exacerbates Social Inequalities:**Pandemics like COVID-19 have highlighted and worsened existing inequalities. Students from disadvantaged backgrounds often lack access to digital devices and internet connectivity, leading to gaps in learning opportunities. Additionally, economic hardships can force students to drop out or prioritize work over education.**b) Positive Outcomes in Teaching and Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic:**1. Increased adoption of digital learning tools.2. Development of innovative teaching methods.3. Greater emphasis on self-directed learning.4. Enhanced collaboration between educators globally.5. Recognition of the importance of mental health support in education.