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10)terms; a) monochromatic radiation b)radiation c) Vibrational relaxation d) Stokes shift e) reducing agent. f) oxidizing agent. g) Amplitude h) Frequency i) Wavelength j) Chromophore 11) What are the differences between absorption and emission spectroscopy? 12) What are the differences between phosphorescence and fluorescence? 13) What are the differences between single beam and double beam instrumer
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10) Terms:a) Monochromatic radiation: Radiation that consists of light of a single wavelength or color.b) Radiation: The emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or a material medium.c) Vibrational relaxation: The process by which a molecule in an excited vibrational state loses energy and returns to its ground state.d) Stokes shift: The difference in wavelength (or energy) between the absorbed and emitted light in a spectroscopic process.e) Reducing agent: A substance that donates electrons to another substance in a chemical reaction, causing the other substance to be reduced.f) Oxidizing agent: A substance that accepts electrons from another substance in a chemical reaction, causing the other substance to be oxidized.g) Amplitude: The maximum extent of a wave, measured from the equilibrium position to the peak or trough.h) Frequency: The number of waves that pass a fixed point per unit of time, usually measured in hertz (Hz).i) Wavelength: The distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs of a wave, usually measured in nanometers (nm) for light.j) Chromophore: The part of a molecule responsible for its color, typically due to the presence of conjugated pi-electron systems.11) Differences between absorption and emission spectroscopy:- Absorption spectroscopy measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample as it passes through a spectrophotometer. It is used to determine the concentration of a specific substance in a solution.- Emission spectroscopy measures the amount of light emitted by a sample after it has been excited to a higher energy state. It is used to identify the elements present in a sample based on their characteristic emission spectra.12) Differences between phosphorescence and fluorescence:- Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence that occurs when a molecule is excited to a higher energy state and then emits light as it returns to its ground state. Phosphorescence has a longer emission lifetime compared to fluorescence.- Fluorescence is a type of photoluminescence that occurs when a molecule is excited to a higher energy state and then emits light as it returns to its ground state. Fluorescence has a shorter emission lifetime compared to phosphorescence.13) Differences between single beam and double beam instruments:- Single beam instruments use a single light source to illuminate the sample. They measure the amount of light absorbed by the sample as it passes through the spectrophotometer.- Double beam instruments use two light sources, one to illuminate the sample and another to serve as a reference. They measure the difference in intensity between the sample beam and the reference beam, which is proportional to the absorbance of the sample. Double beam instruments provide better accuracy and stability compared to single beam instruments.