Soru
a) Name and describe one (1) goal of psychology (3 marks) b) Describe the role of maturation in motor development in infancy and childhood (2 marks) c) Discuss how caregivers influence attachment and trust according to Erik Erikson (4 marks) d) Identify two (2)physical changes that occur in adolescents (2 marks) QUESTION 2 a) Identify any two (2) Big Five personality characteristics (2 marks) b) Name and describe any two (2) types of motives (6 marks) QUESTION 3 In a consultation room a nurse meets with an angry client with a knife in his hand demanding assistance. Demonstrate your understanding of the following concepts with regard to the nurse's emotional response. a) i. Flight or fight (3 marks) ii. Learned helplessness (2 marks) b) With relevant examples name and discuss two (2) factors affecting learning (4 marks) c) How can the above-situations be improved? (2 marks) d) Describe generalization in learning (2 marks) e) Explain any two (2) factors that are important in determining whether observational learning will occur, according to Albert Bandura (4 marks)
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QUESTION 1a) One goal of psychology is to understand and explain human behavior and mental processes. This goal involves studying various aspects of the mind, such as perception, cognition, emotion, and behavior, in order to gain insights into how individuals think, feel, and act. By understanding the underlying mechanisms and factors that influence behavior, psychologists aim to develop theories and models that can help explain why people behave the way they do.b) Maturation plays a crucial role in motor development during infancy and childhood. As children grow and develop, their bodies undergo physical changes that enable them to acquire new motor skills. This process is influenced by genetic factors and follows a predictable sequence. For example, infants typically develop the ability to roll over, sit up, crawl, and eventually walk in a specific order. Maturation provides the foundation for motor development by enabling the growth and strengthening of muscles, bones, and nervous system connections.c) According to Erik Erikson, caregivers play a significant role in shaping attachment and trust during early childhood. Erikson proposed that the first stage of psychosocial development, known as "trust versus mistrust," occurs from birth to approximately 18 months of age. During this stage, infants rely on their caregivers for basic needs such as food, comfort, and safety. When caregivers consistently meet these needs, infants develop a sense of trust and security. This trust forms the foundation for healthy attachment and influences the child's future relationships and interactions with others.d) Two physical changes that occur during adolescence are the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the growth spurt. Secondary sexual characteristics include changes such as breast development in girls, facial hair growth in boys, and the development of pubic and underarm hair in both genders. These changes are triggered by hormonal changes and are influenced by genetic factors. Additionally, adolescents experience a growth spurt, where they experience rapid height and weight gain. This growth spurt is also influenced by hormonal changes and varies in timing and intensity among individuals.QUESTION 2a) Two Big Five personality characteristics are openness to experience and extraversion. Openness to experience refers to an individual's willingness to try new things, be curious, and engage in imaginative and creative activities. It involves a preference for variety and novelty. Extraversion, on the other hand, refers to an individual's tendency to be outgoing, sociable, and energetic. Extraverts are typically more talkative, assertive, and seek out social interactions.b) Two types of motives are intrinsic motives and extrinsic motives. Intrinsic motives are internal and driven by personal satisfaction, enjoyment, or a sense of accomplishment. These motives are self-determined and arise from within an individual. For example, someone might engage in a hobby because they find it enjoyable and fulfilling. Extrinsic motives, on the other hand, are external and driven by rewards or punishments. These motives are often imposed by external factors such as social pressure, financial incentives, or avoiding negative consequences. For example, an employee might work hard to receive a promotion or a bonus.QUESTION 3a) i. Flight or fight: In the given scenario, the nurse's emotional response would be influenced by the flight or fight response. This is a physiological reaction that occurs when an individual perceives a threat or danger. In this case, the nurse would likely experience a heightened state of arousal, with increased heart rate, adrenaline release, and heightened alertness. The nurse would then need to decide whether to flee from the situation or confront the client.ii. Learned helplessness: Learned helplessness refers to a state where an individual feels a lack of control over their environment and believes that they cannot influence outcomes. This can lead to a passive and resigned attitude. In the given scenario, the nurse would not be experiencing learned helplessness, as the situation is immediate and the nurse is actively responding to the threat.b) Two factors affecting learning are motivation and reinforcement. Motivation refers to the drive or desire to learn and acquire new knowledge. Motivated individuals are more likely to engage in learning activities and persist in the face of challenges. Reinforcement, on the other hand, refers to the consequences of behavior that influence the likelihood of that behavior occurring again. Positive reinforcement, such as praise or rewards, increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated, while negative reinforcement, such as avoiding punishment, also strengthens behavior.c) The situation can be improved by implementing de-escalation techniques and ensuring the safety of both the nurse and the client. De-escalation techniques involve using calm and non-confrontational communication to reduce tension and diffuse potentially volatile situations. This may involve active listening, empathy, and offering alternatives or compromises. Additionally, the nurse should prioritize their own safety and seek assistance from colleagues or security personnel if necessary.d) Generalization in learning refers to the ability to apply knowledge or skills learned in one context to new and different situations. It involves recognizing similarities and transferring learned behaviors or concepts to novel scenarios. For example, if a person learns how to solve a specific type of math problem, they can