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Common Additives Viscosity-increasing (hardening)agents These Excipients Are Required in the Following Cases: - When the Drug

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Common Additives Viscosity-increasing (hardening)agents These excipients are required in the following cases: - when the drug suppresses the melting point of the base and thus reduces its viscosity at 37^circ C - to increase the viscosity of the molten or dispersed suppository base without affecting its melting temperature. Deaggl omerators Drug solubility enhancers Absorption (permeation ) enhancers Antimicrobial preservatives

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Certainly! Here is a detailed explanation of the common additives used in pharmaceutical formulations, particularly for suppositories:### Viscosity-Increasing (Hardening) AgentsThese excipients are added to formulations to increase the viscosity and hardness of the base. They are particularly useful in the following scenarios:- **When the drug suppresses the melting point of the base**: Some drugs can lower the melting point of the suppository base, making it too soft at body temperature ( ). Viscosity-increasing agents help maintain the appropriate consistency.- **To increase the viscosity of the molten or dispersed suppository base without affecting its melting temperature**: This ensures that the suppository remains solid at room temperature but melts appropriately at body temperature.Common viscosity-increasing agents include:- **Waxes** (e.g., beeswax, carnauba wax)- **Fatty alcohols** (e.g., cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol)- **Glycerol monostearate**### DeagglomeratorsDeagglomerators are used to prevent the aggregation of particles within the formulation. They ensure uniform distribution of the drug throughout the base, which is crucial for consistent dosing and efficacy.Common deagglomerators include:- **Surfactants** (e.g., polysorbates, sodium lauryl sulfate)- **Disintegrants** (e.g., starch, microcrystalline cellulose)### Drug Solubility EnhancersThese additives improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs, enhancing their bioavailability and therapeutic effect.Common solubility enhancers include:- **Cyclodextrins**- **Polyethylene glycol (PEG)**- **Surfactants** (e.g., Tween 80, Span 20)### Absorption (Permeation) EnhancersAbsorption enhancers facilitate the penetration of the drug through biological membranes, improving its absorption and bioavailability.Common absorption enhancers include:- **Fatty acids** (e.g., oleic acid)- **Bile salts** (e.g., sodium taurocholate)- **Surfactants** (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate)### Antimicrobial PreservativesAntimicrobial preservatives are added to formulations to prevent microbial growth, ensuring the safety and stability of the product during storage and use.Common antimicrobial preservatives include:- **Parabens** (e.g., methylparaben, propylparaben)- **Benzalkonium chloride**- **Sorbic acid**These additives play crucial roles in ensuring the stability, efficacy, and safety of pharmaceutical formulations, particularly suppositories.