Soru
a) i) Explain TWO components of Linux Operating systems (4 ma ii) List THREE different modes used with Vi editor (3m b) Differentiate between Soft and Hard links as used in Linux environment (4m c) Explain the difference between command-line interface and graphical user interfac operating systems. (4) d) Compare Linux and windows operating systems with respect to file systems (5 e) Command Line interface is widely used in scripting and server administration. Dis TWO of its capabilities (4 f) Interpret the following commands as used in Linux operating system 6 i) cat file1file2gt file3 iiy mv iiity rm filename
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a) i) Two components of Linux Operating Systems:1. Kernel: The kernel is the core of the operating system, responsible for managing system resources and providing services to applications. It handles tasks such as memory management, process scheduling, and device management.2. File System: The file system is responsible for organizing and storing files on a storage device. In Linux, common file systems include ext3, ext4, and Btrfs. The file system determines how data is stored, accessed, and managed on the system.ii) Three different modes used with Vi editor:1. Command Mode: In this mode, users can enter commands to manipulate text, such as deleting or moving text.2. Insert Mode: In this mode, users can insert or edit text in the file.3. Visual Mode: In this mode, users can select text and perform operations on it, such as copying or pasting.b) Soft and Hard links in Linux environment:Soft links, also known as symbolic links, are essentially pointers to the original file. They contain the path to the original file and can point to files on different file systems or even different partitions. Soft links can be created with the `ln -s` command.Hard links, on the other hand, are direct links to the original file. They share the same inode number as the original file, meaning they point to the same physical location on the disk. Hard links cannot span file systems or partitions. Hard links can be created with the `ln` command without any options.c) Command-line interface (CLI) vs Graphical user interface (GUI) operating systems:A command-line interface (CLI) allows users to interact with the operating system by typing commands. It is text-based and requires knowledge of specific commands to perform tasks. CLI is often used for scripting and automation, as well as for system administration tasks.A graphical user interface (GUI) provides a visual interface with windows, icons, and menus. It allows users to interact with the system using a mouse or touchpad. GUIs are generally more user-friendly and accessible to beginners, as they provide visual feedback and a more intuitive way to perform tasks.d) Comparison of Linux and Windows operating systems with respect to file systems:Linux operating systems typically use file systems such as ext3, ext4, and Btrfs. These file systems are designed to be robust, efficient, and support features like journaling, which helps prevent data loss in case of a system crash.Windows operating systems use file systems such as NTFS and FAT32. NTFS is the default file system for modern versions of Windows and supports features like file and folder permissions, encryption, and large file sizes. FAT32 is an older file system that supports smaller file sizes and is commonly used on flash drives.e) Two capabilities of Command Line Interface:1. Automation: The command-line interface allows for the automation of repetitive tasks through scripting. By writing scripts, users can execute a series of commands with a single command, saving time and reducing the potential for human error.2. Remote Administration: The command-line interface is useful for remote administration tasks, such as connecting to a remote server and executing commands. This capability allows administrators to manage and configure systems without physically being present at the location of the server.f) Interpretation of the following commands in Linux operating system:i) `$cat file1 file2 > file3`: This command concatenates the contents of file1 and file2 and stores the result in file3. The `cat` command is commonly used to display the contents of a file, but in this case, it is used to combine the contents of two files.ii) `mv`: This command is used to move or rename files or directories in Linux. It can be used to move a file from one location to another or to rename a file or directory.iii) `rm filename`: This command is used to delete files in Linux. The `rm` command requires the name of the file to be deleted as an argument.