1. Identify three applications of terials. arbons as a source of energy and raw materials. 2. Name an organic compound and explain what an organic chemist studies. 3. Describe what each of the four molecular models highlights about a molecule. 4. Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. 5. Describe the process of fractional distillation. 6. Infer Some shortening products are described as "hydrogen ated vegetable oil", which are oils that react with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. Form a hypothesis to explain why hydrogen reacted with the oils. 7. Interpret Data Refer to Figure 6 . What property of hydrocarbon molecules correlates to the viscosity'of a particular fraction when it is cooled to room

1. Three applications of carbon as a source of energy and raw materials are:<br /> - **Fossil Fuels**: Carbon is a major component of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which are used as sources of energy.<br /> - **Chemical Industry**: Carbon is used in the production of various chemicals, including plastics, pharmaceuticals, and synthetic fibers.<br /> - **Metallurgy**: Carbon is an essential element in the production of steel and other metals, where it acts as a hardening agent and improves the material's properties.<br /><br />2. An organic compound is **ethanol (C₂H₅OH)**. An organic chemist studies the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic compounds, which contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements.<br /><br />3. The four molecular models highlight different aspects of a molecule:<br /> - **Ball-and-Stick Model**: Shows the three-dimensional structure of a molecule, highlighting the spatial arrangement of atoms and the bonds between them.<br /> - **Space-Filling Model**: Represents the relative sizes of atoms and how they pack in space, providing a more realistic representation of the molecule's shape.<br /> - **Lewis Structure**: Depicts the bonding between atoms and the lone pairs of electrons, showing the arrangement of valence electrons around atoms.<br /> - **Molecular Formula**: Provides the count of each type of atom in a molecule, giving a simple summary of the molecule's composition.<br /><br />4. Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons differ in the following ways:<br /> - **Saturated Hydrocarbons**: Contain only single bonds between carbon atoms, making them fully saturated with hydrogen atoms. They are typically more stable and have higher boiling points. Examples include alkanes (e.g., methane, CH₄).<br /> - **Unsaturated Hydrocarbons**: Contain one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms, meaning they can add more hydrogen atoms. They are generally less stable and have lower boiling points. Examples include alkenes (with at least one double bond) and alkynes (with at least one triple bond).<br /><br />5. Fractional distillation is a process used to separate a mixture of liquids based on their boiling points. It involves:<br /> - **Heating the Mixture**: The mixture is heated to a temperature at which the most volatile component begins to vaporize.<br /> - **Condensation**: The vapor passes through a series of plates (called fractionating plates) in a distillation column. As the vapor rises, it cools and condenses on the plates, forming different fractions based on their boiling points.<br /> - **Collection**: Each fraction is collected separately at different levels of the column, allowing for the separation of components with close boiling points.<br /><br />6. Hypothesis: Hydrogen reacts with oils (vegetable oils) in the presence of a catalyst to form hydrogenated vegetable oil because the double bonds in the unsaturated fats react with hydrogen molecules, breaking the double bonds and adding hydrogen atoms. This process, known as hydrogenation, converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats, making the oils more stable and solid at room temperature.<br /><br />7. The property of hydrocarbon molecules that correlates to the viscosity of a particular fraction when it is cooled to room temperature is the **molecular size**. Larger molecules have higher viscosities because their longer chains and greater molecular mass result in stronger van der Waals forces, making it harder for the molecules to move past each other.