QUESTION ONE (30 MARKS) (COMP(LSORY) a) i) Explain TWO components of Linux Operating systems (4 marks) ii) List THREF different modes used with Vì editor (3 marks) hi Differentiate between Soft and Hard links as used in Linux en ironment (4 marks) c) Explain the difference between command-line interface and graphical user interface operating systems. (4 marks) d) Compare Linux and windows operating systems with respect to file systems (5 marks) Command 1. ine interface is widely used in scripting and server administration Discuss TWO of its capabilities (4 marks) Interpret the following commands as used in Linux operating system (6 marks) cat file! file2>file 3

a) i) Two components of Linux Operating Systems:<br />1. Kernel: The kernel is the core of the operating system, responsible for managing system resources and providing services to applications. It handles tasks such as memory management, process scheduling, and device management.<br />2. File System: The file system is responsible for organizing and storing files on a storage device. In Linux, common file systems include ext3, ext4, and Btrfs. These file systems provide features such as journaling, which ensures data integrity in case of a system crash.<br /><br />ii) Three different modes used with Vi editor:<br />1. Command Mode: In this mode, users can enter commands to navigate, delete, and modify text. It is the default mode when opening the Vi editor.<br />2. Insert Mode: In this mode, users can insert or edit text. To switch to insert mode, users can press the 'i' key.<br />3. Visual Mode: In this mode, users can select text using visual commands such as 'Shift' + 'v' or 'v'. Once text is selected, users can perform actions like deleting, copying, or modifying the selected text.<br /><br />iii) Soft and Hard links in Linux environment:<br />Soft links, also known as symbolic links, are essentially pointers to the actual file. They contain the path to the target file and can be created across different file systems. Soft links can be created using the 'ln' command with the '-s' option.<br />Hard links, on the other hand, are direct links to the actual file. They share the same inode number as the target file and cannot be created across different file systems. Hard links can be created using the 'ln' command with the '-h' option.<br /><br />c) Difference between command-line interface and graphical user interface operating systems:<br />Command-line interface (CLI) operating systems rely on text-based commands entered by the user to perform tasks. CLI provides a more efficient way to automate tasks and manage systems, especially in scripting and server administration. However, it may have a steeper learning curve for beginners.<br />Graphical user interface (GUI) operating systems rely on visual elements such as windows, icons, and menus to interact with the system. GUI provides a more intuitive and user-friendly experience, making it easier for users to perform tasks. However, GUI may consume more system resources compared to CLI.<br /><br />d) Comparison of Linux and Windows operating systems with respect to file systems:<br />Linux operating systems commonly use file systems such as ext3, ext4, and Btrfs. These file systems provide features such as journaling, which ensures data integrity in case of a system crash. Linux file systems also support permissions and ownership, allowing for fine-grained access control.<br />Windows operating systems commonly use file systems such as NTFS and FAT32. NTFS provides features such as journaling, encryption, and permissions, while FAT32 is a simpler file system with limited features. Windows file systems also support ownership and permissions, but with a different syntax compared to Linux.<br /><br />Command Line Interface (CLI) capabilities:<br />1. Automation: CLI allows users to automate repetitive tasks by writing scripts. This capability is particularly useful in scripting and server administration, where tasks need to be performed efficiently and consistently.<br />2. Efficiency: CLI provides a more efficient way to manage systems compared to GUI. Users can perform tasks quickly by entering commands, without the need for navigating through menus or windows.<br /><br />Interpretation of the command:<br />'cat file1 file2 > file3': This command concatenates the contents of file1 and file2 and stores the result in file3. The 'cat' command stands for 'concatenate' and is commonly used to display the contents of a file or combine multiple files. In this case, the '>' symbol redirects the output of the command to file3, overwriting its contents.