10. Define the term database dictionary. 1. Databases consist of several key components that work together to organize, manage, and access data efficiently State FOUR such components. (4 Marks) 2. SQL commands are often categorized based on the type of operation they perform within a database. Outline the FOUR types of these commands. (4 Marks) 3. A good database system is crucial for efficiently managing and storing data , ensuring data integrity and providing reliable and secure access to information. Outline FOUR characteristics one would consider to achieve this. (4 Marks) 4. In the context of a database, differentiate between database schema and database instance. (4 Marks) 5. In SQL, the ALL operator is used in conjunction with certain comparison operators to compare a value with all values in a set. State THREE statements that are usually associated with SQL ALL operator. (3 Marks) 6. Define the term variable in databases. (2 Marks) 7. The database testing process typically involves several key steps to ensure the accuracy, reliability and performance of the database system. Outline the THREE step database test process. (3 Marks) 8. Transaction mechanisms and concurrency mechanisms are essential aspects of database management systems (DBMS) that ensure data consistency and enable efficient multi-user access to the database. Differentiate between transaction mechanisms and concurrency mechanisms. (4 Marks) 9. Derived and stored are examples of data attributes used in a database , Outline TWO differences between the two. (4 Marks) (2 Marks) 11. Normalization is a process in database design that organizes tables and attributes in a database to minimize redundancy and dependency. Outline FOUR advantages of normalization. (4 Marks) 12. In database design,relationships are used between different tables to represent how the data in one table is related to the data in another.State TWO types of database relationships. (2 Marks)

10. **Database Dictionary**: A database dictionary, also known as a data dictionary, is a centralized repository of information about the data in a database. It contains metadata, which is data about data, such as definitions, relationships, and constraints for each data element.<br /><br />1. **Key Components of Databases**:<br /> - Tables: Structures that store data in rows and columns.<br /> - Queries: Tools to retrieve and manipulate data.<br /> - Forms: Interfaces for data entry and modification.<br /> - Reports: Formats for presenting data.<br /><br />2. **Types of SQL Commands**:<br /> - Data Definition Language (DDL): Commands like CREATE, ALTER, DROP.<br /> - Data Manipulation Language (DML): Commands like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.<br /> - Data Control Language (DCL): Commands like GRANT, REVOKE.<br /> - Transaction Control Language (TCL): Commands like COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT.<br /><br />3. **Characteristics of a Good Database System**:<br /> - Data Integrity: Ensures accuracy and consistency of data.<br /> - Security: Protects data from unauthorized access.<br /> - Scalability: Ability to handle increasing amounts of data.<br /> - Performance: Efficient data retrieval and processing.<br /><br />4. **Database Schema vs. Database Instance**:<br /> - Database Schema: The structure or design of the database, including tables, fields, and relationships.<br /> - Database Instance: The actual data stored in the database at a particular moment in time.<br /><br />5. **SQL ALL Operator Statements**:<br /> - SELECT statements using ALL with comparison operators.<br /> - WHERE clauses comparing a value to all values in a subquery.<br /> - HAVING clauses using ALL for aggregate comparisons.<br /><br />6. **Variable in Databases**: In databases, a variable is a symbolic name associated with a value that can change during the execution of a program or query. It is used to store temporary data.<br /><br />7. **Database Test Process Steps**:<br /> - Planning: Define objectives and scope of testing.<br /> - Execution: Run tests to verify functionality and performance.<br /> - Evaluation: Analyze results and identify issues.<br /><br />8. **Transaction Mechanisms vs. Concurrency Mechanisms**:<br /> - Transaction Mechanisms: Ensure that database transactions are processed reliably and adhere to ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability).<br /> - Concurrency Mechanisms: Manage simultaneous operations without conflicts, ensuring data integrity when multiple users access the database concurrently.<br /><br />9. **Derived vs. Stored Data Attributes**:<br /> - Derived Attributes: Calculated from other data in the database, not physically stored.<br /> - Stored Attributes: Physically saved in the database, representing actual data values.<br /><br />11. **Advantages of Normalization**:<br /> - Reduces data redundancy by organizing data into related tables.<br /> - Improves data integrity by enforcing consistent data storage.<br /> - Simplifies maintenance by minimizing update anomalies.<br /> - Enhances query performance by structuring data efficiently.<br /><br />12. **Types of Database Relationships**:<br /> - One-to-One: Each record in one table corresponds to exactly one record in another table.<br /> - One-to-Many: A single record in one table relates to multiple records in another table.