Part 11:Short Answer Questions (40 Marks) 1. With an aid of a diagram illustrate the faecal-oral transmission cycle (5marks) 2. State two (2)functions of fibre in the diet (4 marks) 3. Explain two (2)aims of epidemiology (4marks) 4. Explain three (3)ways how effective communication can improve provision of services in a health facility. (6Marks) 5. State three (3)effects of solid waste mismanagement in a market (3 marks) 6. Explain three (3)aims of community strategy (6marks) 7. State five (5)roles of a community health nurse in increasing utilization of family planning (5 marks) 8. State five (5)principles in maintenance of cold chain (5marks) 9. State two (2)key stake holders in implementation of primary health care (2Marks) KMTC/QP-08/TIS 1. As a community health nurse in charge of a health Centre,you have noted one reported case of Typhoid Fever in the facility. a) State three (3)characteristics of the causative organism (3 marks) b) List four (4)signs and symptoms of typhoid Fiver (2marks) c) Describe the management of the patient in the health facility and preventive measures you will undertake in the community to prevent an outbreak (15 Marks) 2. You have been posted in a newly established health Centre where integrated health services have not been established: a) Define integrated health services (1mark) b) State four (4)advantages of integrated health services. (4marks) c) Describe how you would initiate integrated health services in this health center. (15marks) Part 111: Long Answer Questions (40 Marks)

1. The faecal-oral transmission cycle involves the transfer of pathogens from fecal matter to the mouth, often through contaminated food or water. Diagrams typically show this process, highlighting the sources and pathways of contamination.<br /><br />2. Two functions of fibre in the diet are:<br /> - Promoting digestive health by preventing constipation.<br /> - Helping to maintain a healthy weight by promoting satiety.<br /><br />3. Two aims of epidemiology are:<br /> - To identify the causes and risk factors of diseases.<br /> - To develop and evaluate strategies for preventing disease and improving public health.<br /><br />4. Effective communication can improve the provision of services in a health facility by:<br /> - Enhancing patient-provider relationships and trust.<br /> - Reducing misunderstandings and errors in treatment.<br /> - Improving coordination among healthcare teams.<br /><br />5. Three effects of solid waste mismanagement in a market are:<br /> - Attraction of pests and vectors.<br /> - Contamination of food and water sources.<br /> - Environmental pollution and health hazards.<br /><br />6. Three aims of community strategy are:<br /> - To improve the health and well-being of the community.<br /> - To promote community engagement and participation in health initiatives.<br /> - To address the specific health needs and priorities of the community.<br /><br />7. Five roles of a community health nurse in increasing utilization of family planning are:<br /> - Providing education and counseling on family planning options.<br /> - Conducting community outreach and awareness programs.<br /> - Collaborating with healthcare providers to offer comprehensive services.<br /> - Supporting and referring clients to appropriate services.<br /> - Monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of family planning programs.<br /><br />8. Five principles in maintenance of cold chain are:<br /> - Proper storage and handling of vaccines and other temperature-sensitive items.<br /> - Regular monitoring and recording of temperature fluctuations.<br /> - Timely transportation and delivery of vaccines.<br /> - Adequate training and education of staff involved in the cold chain.<br /> - Regular maintenance and calibration of temperature control equipment.<br /><br />9. Two key stakeholders in the implementation of primary health care are:<br /> - Government agencies responsible for health policy and funding.<br /> - Community members and local organizations involved in health service delivery.<br /><br />1. a) Characteristics of the causative organism of Typhoid Fever:<br /> - Gram-negative bacterium.<br /> - Rod-shaped.<br /> - Motile.<br /><br /> b) Signs and symptoms of Typhoid Fever:<br /> - High fever.<br /> - Weakness and fatigue.<br /> - Abdominal pain.<br /> - Headache.<br /><br /> c) Management of the patient in the health facility:<br /> - Administering appropriate antibiotics.<br /> - Providing supportive care, such as hydration and pain management.<br /> - Monitoring vital signs and response to treatment.<br /> - Preventive measures in the community:<br /> - Promoting good hygiene practices.<br /> - Ensuring safe drinking water.<br /> - Educating the community about the importance of vaccination.<br /><br />2. a) Integrated health services refer to the coordination and integration of various healthcare services to provide comprehensive and continuous care to patients.<br /><br /> b) Advantages of integrated health services:<br /> - Improved patient outcomes.<br /> - Enhanced coordination and communication among healthcare providers.<br /> - Reduced fragmentation of care.<br /> - Increased patient satisfaction.<br /><br /> c) Initiating integrated health services in the health center:<br /> - Conduct a needs assessment to identify the specific services required.<br /> - Collaborate with healthcare providers and community stakeholders.<br /> - Develop a comprehensive service delivery plan.<br /> - Implement training and education programs for staff.<br /> - Monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the integrated services.