1. a) Using relevant examples define the following terms, i) Social stratification ii) Education for sustainable development iii) Educational inclusivity b) Demonstrate hew the coulict theory would explain the debate surrounding the implementation of the Competency Based Curriculum in Kenya. (18 marks) 2. a) Discuss TIIRL!advantages and TIRLEE disadvaniages of integrating ICT in Education. (12 marks) b) Discuss the strategies that can be used in a classroom to alleviate social inequalities among learners (11 marks) 3. a) Discuss FIVE factors that influence social change in modern society. (12 marks) b) Describe how policies as a social institution has influenced education in Kenya in the 21^st century (11 marks) 4. a) Using relevant illustrotions, discuss 5 key issues that are o ncerns of sociology Education. (12 marks) b) Using appropriate illusitations from Kenyan schools, discuss the churacteristics that qualiff the school as a formal social organization. (11 marks) 3. a) Explain four factors that led to the emergence of sociology. (8 marks) b) Dilierentiate between qualitative and quantitative research approaches as they apply to the study of educationnl issues. (6 marks) c) Explain THREE ethical considerations as a researcher should adhere to when conducting an educational research. (9 marks)

1. a) Definitions:<br /><br />i) Social stratification: Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals in a society based on factors such as wealth, income, race, education, and power. For example, in many societies, people are divided into classes like upper class, middle class, and lower class based on their economic status.<br /><br />ii) Education for sustainable development: This is an approach to education that emphasizes equipping learners with the knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes needed to contribute to a sustainable future. For instance, teaching students about renewable energy sources and environmental conservation.<br /><br />iii) Educational inclusivity: Educational inclusivity involves creating learning environments where all students, regardless of their backgrounds or abilities, have equal access to educational opportunities. An example is providing resources and support for students with disabilities to ensure they can participate fully in classroom activities.<br /><br />b) Conflict theory and Competency Based Curriculum in Kenya:<br /><br />Conflict theory, which focuses on the struggles between different social classes and groups, would explain the debate surrounding the implementation of the Competency Based Curriculum (CBC) in Kenya by highlighting how different stakeholders (e.g., government, teachers, parents, and students) may have conflicting interests. For instance, the government might push for CBC to improve educational outcomes, while teachers may resist due to inadequate training or resources, and parents might be concerned about the costs involved.<br /><br />2. a) Advantages and disadvantages of integrating ICT in Education:<br /><br />Advantages:<br />- Enhances learning experiences through interactive content.<br />- Provides access to a vast amount of information and resources.<br />- Facilitates personalized learning and self-paced study.<br /><br />Disadvantages:<br />- Can widen the digital divide if not all students have access to technology.<br />- May lead to distractions if not properly managed.<br />- Requires significant investment in infrastructure and training.<br /><br />b) Strategies to alleviate social inequalities among learners:<br /><br />- Implementing equitable resource distribution to ensure all students have access to quality materials and facilities.<br />- Encouraging diverse representation in curriculum content to reflect various cultures and perspectives.<br />- Providing targeted support programs for disadvantaged students, such as tutoring or mentorship.<br /><br />3. a) Factors influencing social change in modern society:<br /><br />- Technological advancements: Innovations like the internet and smartphones have transformed communication and access to information.<br />- Economic shifts: Globalization and changes in job markets influence societal structures and individual opportunities.<br />- Cultural exchanges: Increased interaction between different cultures leads to new ideas and practices.<br />- Political movements: Advocacy for rights and reforms can drive significant societal changes.<br />- Environmental challenges: Issues like climate change necessitate changes in policies and behaviors.<br /><br />b) Influence of policies on education in Kenya in the 21st century:<br /><br />Policies as a social institution have shaped education in Kenya by introducing reforms such as free primary education, promoting gender equality in schools, and implementing the Competency Based Curriculum. These policies aim to improve access, quality, and relevance of education to meet contemporary needs.<br /><br />4. a) Key issues in sociology of education:<br /><br />- Inequality in educational access and outcomes.<br />- The role of education in social mobility.<br />- The impact of cultural and social capital on learning.<br />- The relationship between education and economic development.<br />- The influence of educational institutions on socialization.<br /><br />b) Characteristics qualifying schools as formal social organizations:<br /><br />- Structured hierarchy with defined roles (e.g., administrators, teachers, students).<br />- Established rules and regulations governing behavior and operations.<br />- Formal curriculum and assessment methods.<br />- Scheduled routines and timetables.<br />- Recognition by official bodies and adherence to national education standards.<br /><br />5. a) Factors leading to the emergence of sociology:<br /><br />- Industrial Revolution: Rapid social changes and urbanization prompted the need to understand societal dynamics.<br />- Enlightenment: Emphasis on reason and scientific inquiry encouraged systematic study of society.<br />- Political revolutions: Events like the French Revolution highlighted the importance of social structures and change.<br />- Rise of capitalism: Economic transformations raised questions about class relations and social order.<br /><br />b) Differentiating qualitative and quantitative research approaches:<br /><br />Qualitative research focuses on understanding phenomena through detailed descriptions and analysis of non-numerical data, such as interviews and observations. Quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of numerical data to identify patterns and test hypotheses, often using surveys and experiments.<br /><br />c) Ethical considerations in educational research:<br /><br />- Informed consent: Ensuring participants are fully aware of the research purpose and procedures before agreeing to take part.<br />- Confidentiality: Protecting the privacy of participants by keeping their data secure and anonymous.<br />- Avoiding harm: Ensuring that the research does not cause physical or psychological harm to participants.