(a). Describe synchronization in signal transmission (b). Differentiate between synchronous and isochronous switching techniques (c). In synchronous time division multiplexing, three channels are multiplexec If a frame in the multiplexed link takes a duration of 0.1 seconds.determine i.the frame speed ii. the duration of a bit before multiplexing, iii. the speed of each input link iv. the duration of a bit slot after multiplexing, v.the transmission rate of the multiplexing link QUESTION FOUR (20 MARKS) (a). (a) Describe burst errors (b). Compare and contrast longitudinal redundancy check and block checks (c). In CRC error detection scheme, the data bit stream 1001 is encoded wi i. Determine the actual bit stream transmitted ii. Suppose that the data received is 101010, is there any error in transi

(a) Synchronization in signal transmission refers to the process of ensuring that the signals being transmitted between two devices are properly aligned in time. This is important because if the signals are not synchronized, the receiving device may not be able to correctly interpret the data being sent. Synchronization can be achieved through various techniques such as using a common clock signal or by using synchronization bits in the data stream.<br /><br />(b) Synchronous switching techniques involve transmitting data in fixed time slots, while isochronous switching techniques involve transmitting data in fixed-size packets. In synchronous switching, the data is transmitted in a continuous stream, while in isochronous switching, the data is transmitted in discrete packets.<br /><br />(c) In synchronous time division multiplexing, three channels are multiplexed as follows:<br />i. The frame speed is the duration of one frame, which is 0.1 seconds.<br />ii. The duration of a bit before multiplexing is the frame duration divided by the number of bits in the frame. Assuming a frame consists of 10 bits, the duration of a bit before multiplexing is 0.01 seconds.<br />iii. The speed of each input link is the number of bits per second that can be transmitted on the link. Assuming each input link can transmit 10 bits per second, the speed of each input link is 10 bps.<br />iv. The duration of a bit slot after multiplexing is the frame duration divided by the number of bit slots in the frame. Assuming the frame consists of 10 bit slots, the duration of a bit slot after multiplexing is 0.01 seconds.<br />v. The transmission rate of the multiplexing link is the number of bits per second that can be transmitted on the link. Assuming the multiplexing link can transmit 30 bits per second, the transmission rate of the multiplexing link is 30 bps.<br /><br />QUESTION FOUR (20 MARKS)<br />(a) Burst errors refer to errors that occur in a data transmission where a group of bits is corrupted. This can happen due to noise or interference on the transmission medium.<br /><br />(b) Longitudinal redundancy check (LRC) and block checks are both error detection techniques. LRC involves checking the parity of each bit in a data block, while block checks involve checking the parity of a group of bits in a data block.<br /><br />(c) In CRC error detection scheme, the data bit stream 1001 is encoded with a CRC polynomial. The actual bit stream transmitted would depend on the specific CRC polynomial used. Assuming a CRC polynomial of 1001, the actual bit stream transmitted would be 1001.<br /><br />ii. To determine if there is any error in transmission, the received data bit stream (101010) would be compared with the original data bit stream (1001) using the CRC polynomial. If the CRC check fails, it indicates that there is an error in transmission.