Do 2. Use the excerpt below to answer the question. We conclude that, in the field of public education the doctrine of "soparate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment. -Brown x Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 19S4 Which Supreme Court decision gave the court the authority to make this ruling? Gibbons v. Ogden Marbury v. Madison Dred Scottv. Sandford McCulloch v. Maryland

## Step 1<br />The problem is asking us to identify the Supreme Court decision that gave the court the authority to make the ruling in the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 1954 case. This case declared that "separate but equal" had no place in public education and that segregation was a violation of the 14th Amendment's guarantee of equal protection under the law.<br /><br />## Step 2<br />The authority to make such a ruling comes from another Supreme Court case, Marbury v. Madison, which established the principle of judicial review. This principle allows the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.<br /><br />## Step 3<br />The other options, Gibbons v. Ogden, Dred Scott v. Sandford, and McCulloch v. Maryland, are not related to the authority of the Supreme Court to make such a ruling. Gibbons v. Ogden dealt with the power of the federal government to regulate interstate commerce, Dred Scott v. Sandford declared that African Americans could not be American citizens, and McCulloch v. Maryland confirmed the constitutional doctrine of Congress's implied powers.