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B) Okazaki fragments C) DNA ligase D) All of the above 26. What enables RNA molecules to have catalytic functions? A) Their sequence specificity B) Three-dimensiona folding C) Binding to ribosomes 27. What protein complex is responsible for holding the broken DNA ends together during NHEI? D) All of the above A) Ku heterodimer B) DNA primase C) single strand binding protein (SSB) D) Topoisomerase 28. Which kinase phosphorylates and activates the Ku complex in NHE]? A) ATM B) ATR C) DNA-PKCS D) Cyclin-dependent kinase 29. How does NHE differ from homologous recombination in repairing DNA? A) NHEJ uses a homologous template B) NHE] does not require a homologous template C) NHEl involves Holliday junctions D) NHEJ is limited to replication forks 30. At which step do ERCC1-XPF and XPG make incisions on either side of the lesion? A) During damage recognition B) After helicase activity C) Before the DNA is melted D) During gap filling by DNA polymerase 31. What proteins are primarily involved in damage recognition in Global Genome NER? A) TFIIH and DNA ligase B) XPC-hHR23B and XPA-RPA C) ERCC1-XPF and XPG D) DNA polymerase delta /varepsilon 32. Which proteins fill the gap after the lesion is excised in NER? A) XPC-hHR23B B) ERCC1-XPF C) DNA polymerase E/6 and DNA ligase D) TFIIH and RPA 33. What type of damage does photolyase repair? A) Double-strand breaks B) Pyrimidine dimers caused by UV radiation C) Base mismatches during replication D) Chemical crosslinks between DNA strands 34. Which mechanism does photolyase use to repair pyrimidine dimers? A) Base excision repair (BER) B) Nucleotide excision repair (NER) C) Photoreactivation D) Mismatch repair 35. Which type of pyrimidine dimer is typically repaired by photolyase?

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B) Okazaki fragments C) DNA ligase D) All of the above 26. What enables RNA molecules to have catalytic functions? A) Their sequence specificity B) Three-dimensiona folding C) Binding to ribosomes 27. What protein complex is responsible for holding the broken DNA ends together during NHEI? D) All of the above A) Ku heterodimer B) DNA primase C) single strand binding protein (SSB) D) Topoisomerase 28. Which kinase phosphorylates and activates the Ku complex in NHE]? A) ATM B) ATR C) DNA-PKCS D) Cyclin-dependent kinase 29. How does NHE differ from homologous recombination in repairing DNA? A) NHEJ uses a homologous template B) NHE] does not require a homologous template C) NHEl involves Holliday junctions D) NHEJ is limited to replication forks 30. At which step do ERCC1-XPF and XPG make incisions on either side of the lesion? A) During damage recognition B) After helicase activity C) Before the DNA is melted D) During gap filling by DNA polymerase 31. What proteins are primarily involved in damage recognition in Global Genome NER? A) TFIIH and DNA ligase B) XPC-hHR23B and XPA-RPA C) ERCC1-XPF and XPG D) DNA polymerase delta /varepsilon 32. Which proteins fill the gap after the lesion is excised in NER? A) XPC-hHR23B B) ERCC1-XPF C) DNA polymerase E/6 and DNA ligase D) TFIIH and RPA 33. What type of damage does photolyase repair? A) Double-strand breaks B) Pyrimidine dimers caused by UV radiation C) Base mismatches during replication D) Chemical crosslinks between DNA strands 34. Which mechanism does photolyase use to repair pyrimidine dimers? A) Base excision repair (BER) B) Nucleotide excision repair (NER) C) Photoreactivation D) Mismatch repair 35. Which type of pyrimidine dimer is typically repaired by photolyase?

B) Okazaki fragments C) DNA ligase D) All of the above 26. What enables RNA molecules to have catalytic functions? A) Their sequence specificity B) Three-dimensiona folding C) Binding to ribosomes 27. What protein complex is responsible for holding the broken DNA ends together during NHEI? D) All of the above A) Ku heterodimer B) DNA primase C) single strand binding protein (SSB) D) Topoisomerase 28. Which kinase phosphorylates and activates the Ku complex in NHE]? A) ATM B) ATR C) DNA-PKCS D) Cyclin-dependent kinase 29. How does NHE differ from homologous recombination in repairing DNA? A) NHEJ uses a homologous template B) NHE] does not require a homologous template C) NHEl involves Holliday junctions D) NHEJ is limited to replication forks 30. At which step do ERCC1-XPF and XPG make incisions on either side of the lesion? A) During damage recognition B) After helicase activity C) Before the DNA is melted D) During gap filling by DNA polymerase 31. What proteins are primarily involved in damage recognition in Global Genome NER? A) TFIIH and DNA ligase B) XPC-hHR23B and XPA-RPA C) ERCC1-XPF and XPG D) DNA polymerase delta /varepsilon 32. Which proteins fill the gap after the lesion is excised in NER? A) XPC-hHR23B B) ERCC1-XPF C) DNA polymerase E/6 and DNA ligase D) TFIIH and RPA 33. What type of damage does photolyase repair? A) Double-strand breaks B) Pyrimidine dimers caused by UV radiation C) Base mismatches during replication D) Chemical crosslinks between DNA strands 34. Which mechanism does photolyase use to repair pyrimidine dimers? A) Base excision repair (BER) B) Nucleotide excision repair (NER) C) Photoreactivation D) Mismatch repair 35. Which type of pyrimidine dimer is typically repaired by photolyase?

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26. What enables RNA molecules to have catalytic functions?<br />B) Three-dimensional folding<br /><br />27. What protein complex is responsible for holding the broken DNA ends together during NHEJ?<br />A) Ku heterodimer<br /><br />28. Which kinase phosphorylates and activates the Ku complex in NHEJ?<br />C) DNA-PKCS<br /><br />29. How does NHE differ from homologous recombination in repairing DNA?<br />B) NHEJ does not require a homologous template<br /><br />30. At which step do ERCC1-XPF and XPG make incisions on either side of the lesion?<br />B) After helicase activity<br /><br />31. What proteins are primarily involved in damage recognition in Global Genome NER?<br />B) XPC-hHR23B and XPA-RPA<br /><br />32. Which proteins fill the gap after the lesion is excised in NER?<br />C) DNA polymerase δ/ε and DNA ligase<br /><br />33. What type of damage does photolyase repair?<br />B) Pyrimidine dimers caused by UV radiation<br /><br />34. Which mechanism does photolyase use to repair pyrimidine dimers?<br />C) Photoreactivation<br /><br />35. Which type of pyrimidine dimer is typically repaired by photolyase?<br />Photolyase typically repairs cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and 6-4 photoproducts.
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