b Describe the difference between the movement of particles in a solid and a liquid. c The change of state from a liquid to a gas can be either evaporation or boiling. Explain the difference between evaporation and boiling.

b. The movement of particles in a solid and a liquid differs significantly due to the nature of their molecular structures. In a solid, particles are closely packed together in a fixed, orderly arrangement. This close packing restricts the movement of particles, resulting in a rigid structure. The particles in a solid vibrate in place but do not move freely. This limited movement is due to the strong intermolecular forces holding the particles together. In contrast, the particles in a liquid are still close together but are not in a fixed arrangement. They have more freedom to move around, sliding past each other. This allows liquids to flow and take the shape of their container. The intermolecular forces in liquids are weaker compared to those in solids, allowing for greater particle mobility.<br /><br />c. The change of state from a liquid to a gas can occur through two processes: evaporation and boiling. Evaporation is a surface phenomenon that occurs at any temperature. It happens when individual molecules in a liquid gain enough energy to overcome the intermolecular forces holding them in the liquid and escape into the air as gas. This process typically occurs at the surface of the liquid and can happen at any temperature. On the other hand, boiling is a bulk process that occurs when the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure. At this point, bubbles of vapor form within the liquid and rise to the surface, leading to a rapid vaporization. Boiling occurs at a specific temperature known as the boiling point for a given substance. In summary, evaporation is a surface phenomenon that can occur at any temperature, while boiling is a bulk process that occurs at a specific temperature when the vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure.