D) Both B and C 6. What is the flow of genetic information according to the central dogma? A) DNAarrow RNAarrow Protein B) RNAarrow DNAarrow Protein C) Proteinarrow RNAarrow DNA D) DNAarrow Proteinarrow RNA 7. What percentage of the human genome is conserved across multiple species? A) 1% B) 5% C) 10% D) 15% 8. Which mechanism corrects errors made during replication? A) Exonucleolytic proofreading B) Base excision repair C) Mismatch repair D) All of the above 9. What protein assists in homologous recombination? A) Ligase B) RecA C) Topoisomerase D) DNA helicase 10. What type of damage is repaired by photolyase? A) Alkylation B) Pyrimidine dimers C) Double-strand breaks D) Strand mismatches 11. Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication? A) G1 B) S C) G2 D) M 12. Which principle of Darwinian evolution explains why offspring resemble their parents? A) Variation B) Heredity C) Selection D) Mutation 13. What type of bonds connect complementary base pairs in DNA? A) Covalent bonds B) Hydrogen bonds C) Ionic bonds D) Metallic bonds 14. Which nitrogenous base is a pyrimidine? A) Adenine B) Guanine C) Cytosine D) None of the above 15. What is the role of introns in eukaryotic genomes? A) Code for proteins B) Form spacer DNA

6. What is the flow of genetic information according to the central dogma?<br />A) $DNA\rightarrow RNA\rightarrow Protein$<br />B) $RNA\rightarrow DNA\rightarrow Protein$<br />C) $Protein\rightarrow RNA\rightarrow DNA$<br />D) $DNA\rightarrow Protein\rightarrow RNA$<br /><br />Answer: A) $DNA\rightarrow RNA\rightarrow Protein$<br /><br />7. What percentage of the human genome is conserved across multiple species?<br />A) $1\% $<br />B) $5\% $<br />C) $10\% $<br />D) $15\% $<br /><br />Answer: B) $5\% $<br /><br />8. Which mechanism corrects errors made during replication?<br />A) Exonucleolytic proofreading<br />B) Base excision repair<br />C) Mismatch repair<br />D) All of the above<br /><br />Answer: D) All of the above<br /><br />9. What protein assists in homologous recombination?<br />A) Ligase<br />B) RecA<br />C) Topoisomerase<br />D) DNA helicase<br /><br />Answer: B) RecA<br /><br />10. What type of damage is repaired by photolyase?<br />A) Alkylation<br />B) Pyrimidine dimers<br />C) Double-strand breaks<br />D) Strand mismatches<br /><br />Answer: B) Pyrimidine dimers<br /><br />11. Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?<br />A) G1<br />B) S<br />C) G2<br />D) M<br /><br />Answer: B) S<br /><br />12. Which principle of Darwinian evolution explains why offspring resemble their parents?<br />A) Variation<br />B) Heredity<br />C) Selection<br />D) Mutation<br /><br />Answer: B) Heredity<br /><br />13. What type of bonds connect complementary base pairs in DNA?<br />A) Covalent bonds<br />B) Hydrogen bonds<br />C) Ionic bonds<br />D) Metallic bonds<br /><br />Answer: B) Hydrogen bonds<br /><br />14. Which nitrogenous base is a pyrimidine?<br />A) Adenine<br />B) Guanine<br />C) Cytosine<br />D) None of the above<br /><br />Answer: C) Cytosine<br /><br />15. What is the role of introns in eukaryotic genomes?<br />A) Code for proteins<br />B) Form spacer DNA<br /><br />Answer: B) Form spacer DNA