Explain the meaning of the following terms as applied in plant taxonomy a)Holotype b)Plesiomorphous c)Synonym d)Biosystematics e)Apomixis Question Two Give the standard plant family name of each of the following plant families a)Umbelliferae b) Labiatae

**Question One:**<br /><br />a) **Holotype**: In plant taxonomy, a holotype is the single physical specimen or illustration designated by the original author at the time of publication as the type specimen of a species. It serves as the definitive example of that species and is used for reference in identifying and classifying plants.<br /><br />b) **Plesiomorphous**: This term refers to an ancestral trait or characteristic that is present in a group of organisms. In the context of phylogenetics, plesiomorphous traits are those inherited from a common ancestor and are not unique to any particular subgroup within the larger group.<br /><br />c) **Synonym**: In taxonomy, a synonym is an alternative name for the same taxon (species, genus, etc.). Synonyms arise when different names have been historically applied to what is later determined to be the same species or taxonomic group. The accepted name is usually the earliest published one, according to the rules of nomenclature.<br /><br />d) **Biosystematics**: This is the study of the classification of organisms based on their evolutionary relationships, using data from various biological disciplines such as genetics, ecology, and morphology. Biosystematics aims to understand the diversity of life and the evolutionary processes that generate this diversity.<br /><br />e) **Apomixis**: Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction that occurs without fertilization, where seeds are produced without the fusion of gametes. This process results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent plant, allowing for the propagation of certain plant species without genetic variation.<br /><br />**Question Two:**<br /><br />a) **Umbelliferae**: The standard plant family name for Umbelliferae is Apiaceae.<br /><br />b) **Labiatae**: The standard plant family name for Labiatae is Lamiaceae.