administrative action. Some constitutions spell out the courts' duty to intervene if the legislature or executive acts outside the powers conferred on it , while others are silent on this matter. A few take the opposite approach. They provide that certain principles are not enforceable by the courts, and that they are only intended to guide the government and the legislature. Part IV of the Indian Constitution contains 'Directive Principles of Social Policy' with this limited effect. Some Commonwealth countries refer to principles and rights in their Preamble ,rather than in the text of the constitution itself, with the result that the courts cannot enforce them. (However , the French Constitutional Council has ruled that it can enforce the rights set out in the Declaration of the Rights of Man 1789, though they are only referred to in the Preamble of the Constitution of the Fifth French Republic. 14) Two classifications of constitutions are particularly noteworthy . The first is the division between unitary and federal constitutions . Broadly, under federal constitutions such as those of the United States , Canada, Australia, and Germany , legislative and governmental competence is divided between the centre (or federation) on the one hand , and the states, or provinces as they may be termed, on the other. Neither the federation nor the states have exclusive legislative or executive power. The United Kingdom constitution is unitary, even though significant legislative powers will shortly be conferred on a Scottish Parliament. It is unitary, because the Westminster Parliament may , if it so wishes, withdraw these powers at any time. This is further dis- cussed in Chapter 3. What complex topic some extent federal . What should be emphasized at this point tional values. In the constitutions are framed to serve communities a federation brings together or which historically and culturally may be very different in provincid Equally the division of powers between central and way to prevent a second striking distinction is a and presidentiakin